Background and objectiveChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the lower airways. and COPD patients show two to five times higher risk of lung cancer than smokers with normal lung function. COPD is associated with increased oxidative stress. which may cause DNA damage and lung carcinogenesis. https://www.roneverhart.com/Grace-Design-M801-MK2-High-Fidelity-p15168/